The House Oversight Committee served Black with two subpoenas during a closed-door voluntary interview in June after lawmakers said he refused to answer questions about non-disclosure agreements.
One subpoena demanded Black produce non-disclosure agreements and other documents while the other compelled him to return for a deposition before the committee.
Black's lawsuit argues the subpoenas exceed the committee's authority by seeking private information unrelated to Epstein or any legitimate legislative purpose.
It asks a federal judge to declare the subpoenas invalid and prevent the committee from enforcing them.
"The Committee is on a fishing expedition that oversteps its authority and completely ignores its responsibility," Black's lawyer Susan Estrich said in a statement.
"This is no longer about finding the truth about Epstein. It is about trying to destroy Mr Black."
The top Republican and Democratic lawmakers on the committee both criticised Black's lawsuit and said they planned to discuss later on Thursday whether they would hold him in contempt of Congress.
"This is unacceptable. We're very disappointed," said House Oversight chair James Comer.
"Of all the powerful billionaires and political people we've brought in for interview and depositions, this is the first time anyone's filed suit."
Representative Robert Garcia, the top Democrat on the committee, called the lawsuit "laughable" and that Black is "trying to slow the process down of getting us the information".
"Today, the process of contempt has to begin," Garcia said.
Being held in contempt opens up a witness to criminal prosecution.
If the House approves a contempt resolution against Black, it would fall to the Justice Department to decide whether to bring charges against him.
Black is the co-founder and former chief executive of the private equity firm Apollo Global Management.
He stepped down in 2021 during the fallout over his ties to Epstein.
Lawmakers have alleged that Black paid Epstein $US180 million ($A250 million) during their years-long relationship.
A 2021 review commissioned by Apollo concluded that Black paid Epstein $US158 million from 2012 to 2017, after Epstein pleaded guilty in 2008 to soliciting prostitution from a minor.
The review said the payments were for "bona fide tax, estate planning and other related services".
Black is among a number of influential figures to appear in the investigation into Epstein and the web of wealth and influence around him.
Other figures to have appeared for the investigation include former Democratic president Bill Clinton, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick and Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates.
Black is mentioned repeatedly in files that the Justice Department has released related to the Epstein investigation.
He also appears in a collection of birthday messages sent to Epstein that were released by the House committee last year, including a poem attributed to Black that refers to "Blond, Red or Brunette, spread out geographically".
Before the June 26 appearance before the committee, Black maintained that he was not aware of Epstein's "nefarious activity" until 2019 and that he paid Epstein for legitimate purposes, in part due to his "unrivalled network of relationships" with influential figures.
